Critical Materials for EV Batteries: Challenges, Opportunities, and Policymakers

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are essential to the global energy transition, but their growing adoption increases demand for critical battery materials such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and graphite. This article examines the composition and chemistry of EV batteries, highlighting advancements in energy density and material efficiency through solid-state, LFP, and sodium-ion batteries. While battery manufacturing capacity is set to triple by 2030, challenges such as geopolitical dependencies, environmental concerns, and supply chain vulnerabilities persist. Opportunities for sustainable material sourcing include responsible mining, recycling initiatives, and diversification of supply chains. Policymakers play a vital role in ensuring a stable and ethical EV battery supply, with recommendations focusing on accelerating R&D, enhancing circular economy efforts, and improving regulatory frameworks. A holistic approach integrating technological innovation, policy intervention, and industry collaboration is crucial to securing a sustainable and resilient EV battery ecosystem for the future.