Thermal Performance Evaluation of PV Technologies in Hot Climate Environments: A Review

Abstract

The thermal performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules is a critical factor influencing their electrical efficiency, energy yield, and long-term reliability, particularly in hot climate regions characterized by high ambient temperatures and intense solar irradiance. This study presents a comparative thermal performance analysis of mono-crystalline, poly-crystalline, and thin-film photovoltaic modules under real operating conditions. The experimental framework included continuous monitoring of module temperature using thermocouples and infrared thermal imaging, along with simultaneous measurement of key environmental parameters such as solar irradiance, ambient temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity. The objective was to quantify thermal behavior, evaluate temperature-induced electrical performance degradation, and compare long-term thermal efficiency and energy yield across different PV technologies. The results demonstrated that module operating temperature has a significant impact on electrical performance, with increased temperature leading to reductions in open-circuit voltage, maximum power output, and overall conversion efficiency. Mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline modules exhibited higher temperature coefficients, resulting in greater performance degradation under elevated temperature conditions. In contrast, thin-film modules showed lower temperature sensitivity and improved thermal dissipation, leading to more stable electrical performance. Regression analysis confirmed a strong negative correlation between module temperature and power output for all PV technologies, with thin-film modules exhibiting the lowest thermal derating. Long-term performance evaluation revealed that thermal effects significantly influence energy yield and performance ratio in hot climate environments. Although mono-crystalline modules provided higher nominal efficiency under standard test conditions, thin-film modules maintained more stable energy production and thermal efficiency under sustained high-temperature operation. The findings indicate that thermal resilience plays a crucial role in determining real-world PV system performance and technology suitability for hot regions. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive assessment of the thermal characteristics and energy performance of different PV technologies, offering valuable insights for optimizing photovoltaic system design and technology selection in hot climate environments. The results support the adoption of thermally resilient PV technologies and improved thermal management strategies to enhance system efficiency, reliability, and long-term sustainability in high-temperature regions.